Study sites From Mt. Kinpu Alpine vegetation of Mt. Kinpu Mt. Kimpo from Asahi Pass From Karisaka Pass Mt. Suisyo from Karisaka Pass From Mt. Hakutai Limestone outcrops on Mt. Akasawa Hemlock forest Larch forest Mt. Wanakura from Wasabi Stream Wasabi Stream in winter Kudonosawa Stream in Spring Irikawa River Takikawa River Tochimoto Village Mt. Buko Chichibu City Mt. Eboshi From Mt. Eboshi Mt. Akanagi From Mt. Akanagi Mt. Konsei Mt. Nantai from Mt. KonseiFieldwork Hakutai hut Camera trapping for wildlife Maple sap collection Soil core sampling Soil water sampling Acoustic monitoring for birds Malaise trapping for insects Cutting rotten tree Stem heart rot Common garden experiment Soil core incubation Litter decomposition Kaba hut Deer fence Demographic survey for tree seedlings Deer fence for orchids Previous understory Trapping for insect droppings Forest camping Resprouting survey